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Vaccine mandates: a thing of the past?

Contentious mandatory COVID-19 vaccination policies, introduced in response to the COVID-19 pandemic (primarily in fall 2021), have now been around for some time. However, they remain controversial.

Since their inception, mandatory vaccination policies have consistently been challenged

in courts, tribunals, and in front of labour arbitrators as an unreasonable invasion of an individual’s bodily integrity, and questioned about their effectiveness. Almost as consistently, courts, tribunals and labour arbitrators have accepted the federal and provincial health guidelines with respect to the efficacy of the vaccine. For example, Justice Macnaughton in Parmar v. Tribe Management Inc., 2022 BCSC 1675, in finding that the implementation of a mandatory vaccination policy was reasonable, took judicial notice of the fact that “vaccines are safe and effective for use in people and with respect to controlling the spread of COVID-19” and that “[v]arious publications by Health Canada and by the BC Ministry of Health and the Provincial Health Officer cannot reasonably be disputed to be inaccurate.” This has been the prevailing analysis.

Changes in Legislation re Mandatory Vaccination Policies

However, in a recent arbitration decision released December 14, 2023, (full text of decision here) Arbitrator Glass was presented with other expert medical evidence as to the efficacy of the two-dose vaccination series of preventing COVID-19 infection after 25 weeks. After hearing this evidence, Arbitrator Glass determined that:

Once the available data overwhelmingly demonstrated, and prevailing medical opinion graduated to acknowledgement that a two-dose vaccination series after 25 weeks provided statistically insignificant protection against infection, the situation with regard to workplace safety and workplace vaccination mandates fundamentally changed (para 315).

In Arbitrator Glass’ decision, the data demonstrated this no later than spring 2022. While accepting that two-dose vaccination continues to be a reasonable precaution for an individual, it “did not translate, standing alone, into a reasonable justification for a workplace vaccine mandate” after this point (para 315). This is because the rational for vaccine mandates was based on the medical evidence that “unvaccinated workers were more likely to be infected by one of the COVID variants, and therefore more likely to pass it on to others in the workplace”. If the vaccine did not prevent infection of COVID-19 variants after 25 weeks, there remained no justification to require it.

Arbitrator Glass’ decision is a significant departure from the reasoning in previous court and arbitration decisions

and perhaps more importantly represents a departure from the official position of the Office of the Provincial Health Officer (PHO) which continued to assert well into the fall of 2022 that unvaccinated people are more prone to carry and transmit COVID-19 than a vaccinated person. Arbitrator Glass disagreed with the employer’s argument that they could solely rely on the PHO’s directive to support the reasonableness of their mandatory vaccination policy.

Takeaway for Employers

While not binding on other decision makers, this decision is persuasive.

It suggests that most, if not all, mandatory vaccination policies may no longer be reasonable in the workplace.

So where does this leave workplaces that still have mandatory vaccine policies? We suggest that all workplaces revisit their policies and consider receiving both medical and legal advice on the reasonableness of any mandatory COVID-19 vaccination policies.

If you have questions about how this Decision may impact your workplace workplace, contact Kendra Murray or a member of our Workplace Law team.

We’re here to help.

Outside Looking In…

How Outside Evidence Might be Used to Interpret a Will

Wills are complex, and properly interpreting the wishes of a will-maker can, in some cases, be a difficult and confusing task. In a poorly drafted Will, clauses can be vague, ambiguous, or, even worse, inconsistent with other clauses within the Will.

The question then arises: how can the executor correctly discern how the will-maker wanted their estate to be dealt with?

Be aware that extraneous documents may be used as evidence to resolve ambiguities within the Will, whether or not the will-maker actually intended for those outside documents to be part of the estate plan.

In Legal News

Zaleschuk Estate v S.C., 2023 BCSC 523 is a recent case in which the court was asked to reconcile inconsistent clauses within the Will. Victor Zaleschuk owned a residential property in BC when he died. He included a clause in his Will to gift the BC property to his wife, Wendy. However, the Will also included a clause stating that if Wendy then later sold the property, Wendy would pay a $150,000 cash gift to Victor’s son.

These two gifts were inconsistent with each other, because Victor had completely given away the property to his wife; he could not take a portion of that gift away by also bequeathing part of the sale proceeds to his son, unless he had actually imposed a trust condition on Wendy to share the sale proceeds, which he had not expressly done. Victor had created two gifts that legally could not actually exist at the same time.

Both Wendy and Victor’s son agreed that the Will was inconsistent, but they differed on how to deal with the inconsistency. Wendy argued that the house was a complete gift, meaning it could not come with “strings attached” that would force her to give the son some of the sale proceeds later. The son disagreed, pointing to a letter from Victor to his American lawyer, made the same day the Will was signed, in which Victor said he was leaving $150,000 to his son if the house was sold.

The Result

Even though this letter was meant to ask for advice from his American lawyer, and was not a finalized document, the Court decided that it could use the letter to interpret the Will. Based on the contents of that letter, the Court decided that Victor had intended that his son would receive cash if Wendy ever sold the property. Therefore, the Court fixed the Will by imposing a trust condition on Wendy, requiring her to pay the cash gift upon any future sale.

This case emphasizes that careful drafting, precise wording and knowledge of the law is essential to a well-written Will. If you have questions, contact our Wills & Estates Team – we’re here to help.

WorkSafeBC: the Duty to Maintain Employment

An employer now has a duty to maintain employment of an injured employee.

Employers have always had a duty to accommodate injured workers under the Human Rights Code, but employers now have specific obligations under the Workers Compensation Act to maintain an injured employee’s employment and accommodate them.

What is the Duty to Maintain Employment?

The duty to maintain employment requires an employer to hold a position for an injured employee for two years following the date of injury. It applies not only to the injured employee’s original position, but also to providing suitable alternative work within the employee’s limitations and comparable in duties and earnings.

Let’s break that down.

  1. If the employee can return to their original position: you must offer them the opportunity to return to that position with or without accommodations.
  2. If the employee cannot return to their original position with or without accommodation but can work in some capacity: you must offer them the first suitable work that becomes available with comparable duties and earnings.
  3. The employer also has a general duty to make changes to the work or workplace necessary to accommodate an employee: to the point of undue hardship.

Practically, this means that if you have an injured employee, you must be prepared to bring them back to their original position with or without accommodations or suitable alternative work, when the employee is medically cleared for a return to work. This can involve restructuring of positions or coverage for the original position. If coverage of positions is not appropriately arranged, this can create further employee issues with constructive dismissal or breach of another employee’s contract.

Who does it apply to?

The new regulations apply to:

  1. Employers who employ 20 or more workers; and
  2. Employees who:
    • have an accepted WorkSafeBC claim for a work-related injury; and
    • have been employed for at least 12 continuous months before their date of injury.

Retroactive Application

The regulation was brought into effect January 1, 2024 however, it applies to WorkSafeBC claims with a date of injury on or after July 1, 2023.

When does this duty end?

At the two-year anniversary date of the injury, if the employee has not returned to work, the employer has no further obligation to the employee under this WorkSafeBC regulation. Under human rights legislation, however, the employer may still have a duty to accommodate the employee. This will need to be assessed on a case-by-case basis.

If at the two-year anniversary the employee has returned to their original position or a suitable alternative position, the employer has no further obligation to offer other employment. However, the employer’s duty to make changes to the work or workplace necessary to accommodate the employee continues and is ongoing.
 

If the employee voluntarily ends the working relationship, the employer has no further obligation.

 
There are many considerations for getting an employee back to work after injury. These regulations provide a framework within WorkSafeBC, however, they may not be the only legal or practical considerations in play.

If you need support in determining how to bring an employee back to work after an injury, please reach out to Fulton’s workplace law group.

Real estate have you in a frenzy?

Since early 2020, the Canadian housing market has been increasing at a record pace. Rising housing costs combined with the increasing family needs of Canadian Millennials (ages 25-41) and the possibility of remote work have seen demand for housing surge across the country, and particularly in smaller markets like the British Columbia Interior.

First Time Home Buyers – Loans vs Gifts

With housing prices increasing 20% over 2021 alone, first time home buyers are in a pinch, and many are turning to the “Bank of Mom and Dad” for assistance with a down payment. While parental assistance is a wonderful resource for many young adults, it can lead to complications down the road if it is unclear if the assistance comes in the form of a loan versus a gift. This is particularly so in the event of divorce or if there are other siblings who have not received similar financial assistance.

Estate Planning to Mitigate Risk

Advance planning in this increasingly common scenario is strongly recommended so that the Bank of Mom and Dad and the fortunate recipients are all on the same page. Loan and/or gift agreements are simple yet strikingly effective tools to avoid complications down the road. These agreements can set out the terms of repayment and cover off various scenarios, like what would happen to the gift amount in the event of relationship breakdown or sale of the home in question, for example.

Further, with the drastic increase of housing prices and shortage of supply, advance planning surrounding the family home is absolutely necessary. As of February 2022, the median house price in Canada exceeded $815,000[1]  – and these prices are projected to rise. In British Columbia, surviving children and spouses have the right to sue an estate for redistribution of assets if they perceive the division to be unfair. If an existing will is based on housing values from even a few years ago, it may no longer be equitable and could result in an unintended, uneven distribution of assets to beneficiaries.

Now, more than ever, it is critically important to have a valid will that accounts for the drastic increase in real estate value, as Wills Variation actions can arise over inequitable distribution of assets among surviving children and spouses.

Taking time to review your estate and account for significant increases in the value of your assets can avoid legal headaches and heartache down the road. In the world of estate planning, an ounce of prevention is very much worth a pound of cure. Fortunately, our team can help you with both.

If you have questions, contact our Wills & Estates Team – we’re here to help.

 

[1] “Average Canadian house price hits $816,720 – up 20% in past year”. CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/news/business/crea-housing-february-1.6385274

Leah Card*

Excelling at helping people plan for their futures, Leah ensures that the wishes of incapable or deceased loved ones are carried out. Her keen insight and reputation for excellence in estate planning and estate administration results from her broad business and property law background, and from having 15+ years of experience in wills and estates law. She handles the most complex succession planning situations and estates with ease.

Leah and her Wills & Estates Team create customized estate plans for clients, tailored to meet each client’s needs. They represent executors and handle estates of deceased persons, taking care of all the legal aspects, effectively and with compassion.

Hearing the draw of the B.C. Interior, Leah left Vancouver and returned to her roots to article with Fulton after law school. Away from the office, Leah’s time is filled with various family pursuits; she, along with her husband, two young children and Labradoodle, Loki, love to retreat to their rustic “off the grid” cabin, go biking and are learning (again) to ski.

Ayla Salyn*

Calling herself an employment, sports, injury and “interesting issues” lawyer, Ayla is often sought after to deal with complex disputes, but she loves working with her clients to avoid problems before they start. Firmly believing in the benefit of a proactive approach, Ayla’s work may involve organization governance, training, investigations, and dispute mediations. No matter the issue her client faces, she strives for the best, practical resolution to meet each client’s unique needs. Working alongside her client to identify their realistic goals, Ayla collaborates with her client to makes them happen.

Tyson McNeil-Hay*

Believing that successful dispute resolution for his clients is not only about the final result, Tyson is focused on resolving disputes as effectively as possible. Delay, cost, and stress are significant considerations that Tyson works hard to avoid for his clients.

Tyson’s barrister practice focuses on estate, commercial and local government litigation. As a persuasive, successful advocate, he has appeared at all levels of court in BC. Whether the matter is resolved in the courts or by strong negotiation, Tyson believes that thorough preparation is the cornerstone of excellent advocacy for his clients.

Away from the office, parenting three children under 7 years old keeps Tyson and his spouse busy, but when Tyson can, he loves taking advantage of all the outdoor opportunities in the area, particularly skiing and mountain biking. Tyson spent two separate years abroad in his university days and as a result, can still speak some French and Russian.

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Lyle Backman, K.C.

After over 45 years as a litigator, Lyle has represented clients in diverse areas of law and at all levels of court, including notable cases, complex arbitrations and mediations. Lyle’s clients rightly trust him to get the job done because of his extensive experience and reputation for effective advocacy.

Although Lyle has seen all types of cases, these days he practices primarily in commercial and estate litigation, including business/commercial disputes and wills variation claims.

Away from the office, Lyle enjoys travelling the world with his spouse, Trudi, and catching up on current events, whether it concerns news, art, culture, sports or dining.

Lindsay Goldberg*

When Lindsay is not at the office managing default portfolios for some of Canada’s largest financial institutions, you’ll probably find him playing his trumpet, performing in pit bands for Vancouver’s live musical theatre scene.

Lindsay makes a lot of noise off stage too, heading up Fulton’s Vancouver team with over 30 years’ experience in retail mortgage enforcement (foreclosure) and collections legal service. By offering streamlined and simplified debt recovery administrative services, Lindsay’s reputation for reliable debtor reintegration, efficiency and business judgment makes him the right choice for financial institutions looking to reduce collection risk and expense.

Musical theatre not your bag? No problem. But if you’re looking for some harmony in your BC or Yukon lending portfolio, put Lindsay to work at his day job.

Aron Hochhauser

Around the office and with his clients, Aron is known to be patient and approachable, always willing to take the time to thoroughly explain any legal issue that may arise.

Aron is Senior Counsel and a co-leader of Fulton’s Vancouver office with Lindsay Goldberg.  Focusing his legal practice in security enforcement, financial services and litigation in the banking, finance and insurance industries, Aron represents financial institutions and private lenders in all aspects and related matters of mortgage enforcement and debt collection proceedings.  He also specializes in dissolution of timeshare strata units and routinely represents homeowner associations with respect to partition and sale proceedings in the BC Supreme Court.

Previously an associate at Epport, Richman and Robbins LLP in Los Angeles, Aron practiced in the areas of lender liability, foreclosure and bankruptcy.

Hal Hicks*

Hal knows that the law can be complicated and he helps his clients clearly understand their options, so that they can make well-informed decisions. Clients rely on Hal for proactive legal advice, and structuring sound transactions, whether it be in commercial finance, collections, foreclosures or commercial insolvency matters.

With his practice primarily focused on the assessment and realization of security for creditors, including complex commercial collections, foreclosures, unsecured collections and priority disputes, Hal acts for major financial institutions as well as receivers, trustees in bankruptcy and other lenders both secured and unsecured. Hal also advises landlords, debtors, and purchasers in the insolvency context and regularly works with major institutional and private lenders on the creation and registration of protective security.

Around the office, Hal is known for a dry sense of humor and an enthusiasm for business venture ideas. Beyond his practice, Hal spends time with his young family, often leisurely in the pursuits of travel, golf, old-timers basketball, and ski hill activities.

Gemma Whitehead

Skilled at developing legal solutions, Gemma always has the client’s best interests in mind when explaining how to proceed on a matter. She thoughtfully considers practical techniques to assist her clients in resolving their legal issues.

As part of our Realization Team – Vancouver office, Gemma has represented banks, trust companies and private lenders in all levels of court in BC, in debt enforcement, foreclosure and receivership matters. She is a frequent contributor to scholarly publications in the field of insolvency law.

Devin Buchanan*

Experienced and unflappable, Devin brings common sense, sharp analysis, and attentive service to each challenge he takes on, whether for local governments, individuals or business clients.

Devin’s practice includes local government law including strategic advice and litigation, construction disputes and builders liens, property and contract disputes and insurance claims (both defending claims and making claims for coverage). He enjoys deconstructing the most complex legal problems, to offer meaningful resolutions.

Active in the local sporting and arts communities, away from the office Devin is likely out and about on the trails, on the pitch, or at various events, usually with his wonderful family, wife Jenn and kids, Henry and Isla.

Michael Blackwell*

His focus is on growing and adding value to his clients’ businesses through practical, effective legal advice. Identifying the key issues early on and understanding his clients’ goals, allows Michael to tailor results-oriented insight, specific to each clients’ needs.

Michael’s practice includes, but is not limited to:

  • Mergers and acquisition between private enterprises.
  • Real estate development on indigenous and non-indigenous lands.
  • Complex secured transactions for financial institutions, including aircraft lending.

Away from the office, Mike enjoys playing recreational hockey, golfing, snowboarding/skiing, and spending time with his family at Brennan Creek on Adams Lake, where his family has been involved in the forest industry since the 1940s.

Rick Heney*

It is no wonder many of Rick’s clients feel more like family than clients. More than a few of his clients have been with him for well over 25 years. Whether it is through work or play, Rick’s easy going style wins over most people before they even know they wanted to be won over. We asked his secret and he says he doesn’t know how to be any different.

On his way to becoming a lawyer, Rick applied his “trade” as a journeyman electrician (yes his puns are that bad in real life too). Drawing from his experience in the construction industry, Rick feels better “tooled” (there he goes again) to help his clients with business needs as diverse as Air Space Parcel real estate developments and Search and Rescue leasing requirements. As our senior solicitor he has not yet accepted the fact that he is the “senior” solicitor – he says he still feels like he is 30 and continues to play like he is in order to prove it (luckily for him we have a good health care plan).

For those of you who have never thought of volunteering for charitable organizations, just rethink, because Rick’s volunteering has taken him to Africa – four times.

In his free time, you will probably find Rick on or near a golf course (he lives at one), chasing the ever elusive goal of improving his golf game.

Edwin Mark*

Having degrees in both business and law, Edwin provides a practical, business-minded perspective to his clients. His focus is to provide sound legal advice that allows his clients to focus on what’s important: growth and development.

After beginning his legal career as in-house counsel and executive management for a large tech company, Edwin recognized his interest in seeing businesses thrive. His clients range from start-ups to large institutions, who benefit from his unique expertise, including legal services in:

  • Corporate/Commercial Transactions
  • Governance, Structure, Strategy
  • Information Technology/Intellectual Property
  • Trade-marks and Copyright
  • Real Estate Development
  • Commercial Finance

Originally from Saskatchewan, Edwin learned early on to enjoy the outdoors, and refers to Kamloops as “a big playground”. Look for him and his family if you’re out on the water, slopes or trails.

Jeff Coulter*

Well-known for his clever wit, Jeff works for major lenders and understands that responsive communication is essential to providing top-notch legal service. He balances his effectively delivered legal expertise with humor, more than occasionally.

With more than twenty years practicing almost exclusively in the fields of insolvency and commercial/retail realization, Jeff has advised and acted for numerous financial institutions, bankruptcy trustees and receivers, across a wide range of industries and throughout BC, on matters relating to:

  • complex commercial realization and litigation;
  • bankruptcy insolvency law;
  • foreclosure; and
  • personal property realization.

Jeff has also acted for national banks, credit unions and private lenders in every aspect of residential and commercial realization, sometimes acting for both lenders and receivers to oversee completion of:

  • construction projects;
  • sale of business as a going concern;
  • commercial foreclosures; and
  • realization on substantially all of the assets of various businesses.

Originally hailing from Texas, Jeff spends his free time hiking, biking, missing good Tex-Mex food, and being grateful to live in a country where it is hard to find good Tex-Mex food.

Denise McCabe*

Having practiced in the area of local government law for over two decades, Denise offers comprehensive legal services to local governments. She regularly provides advice and assistance on all aspects of municipal law including governance and operations, inter-governmental negotiations, conflicts of interest, municipal liability and risk management, planning, development and building issues, public procurement issues, regulatory authority, freedom of information and privacy issues and commercial transactions.

She is a registered trade-mark agent, and applies her specialized training to meet our public and private clients’ unique needs in matters of:

  • Technology development;
  • Acquisition and transfer;
  • Protection, licensing and commercialization of trade-marks, official marks and copyright.

Denise began her legal career in a large Vancouver firm before joining our firm in 2000. Away from her practice, Denise enjoys exploring new places, particularly from her mountain/road bike, culinary adventures, cross-country skiing and snowshoeing.

Dan Carroll*

He understands the unique business and reputational goals that his clients have when faced with a dispute. He knows that success for his clients often means avoiding the cost, delay and uncertainty of trial. As an adept problem solver, Dan is always looking for early opportunities for successful dispute resolution and takes pride in achieving fast, cost effective results for his clients.

An experienced and proven litigator, Dan is the leader of Fulton’s CIBC Client Team and co-chair of Fulton’s Business Disputes Team. Dan focuses his high-volume legal practice on quickly and effectively resolving secured and unsecured realization matters for CIBC and other lenders, as well as all kinds of banking and business disputes for his clients large and small, either in court or via mediation.

During his university years, Dan moonlighted as a professional musician, playing guitar in reggae and alternative rock bands. After graduating from law school, Dan practised with a large Vancouver law firm before returning home to Kamloops in 1999. When he is not pre-occupied solving problems for his clients, you may find Dan on his mountain bike in the Kamloops hills, running with his dog, Flynn, or singing an old Irish tune on his guitar.

John Grover*

With over two decades of family law experience, John’s clients reap the benefits of his considerable knowledge and experience in all things family law. When assisting his clients through some of life’s more difficult moments, John dedicates himself to each client’s unique needs and requirements, and confidently guides them through each stage of their legal process.

John develops creative strategies to protect his client’s interests and to prevent future issues from arising. Although a proven litigator, John realizes that often conflicts can be resolved through alternate resolution methods. He ensures that his clients are able to move through the legalities as efficiently as possible, to begin the next phase of their lives.

John practices exclusively in family law matters, in both Provincial and Supreme Court, including:

  • Divorce and Separation
  • Division of property
  • Spousal and child support
  • Custody and Adoption
  • Guardianship and access issues
  • Child apprehension

After growing up in Winnipeg, John moved to Kamloops to article with our firm and since then, has fully embraced the Kamloops lifestyle. Outside of his practice, when not spending time with his family or coaching skiing and soccer, John diligently participates in cross-country skiing, hockey and triathlons.

Sam Dabner*

Sometimes initially perceived as reserved, Sam is actually observing, analyzing and strategizing the best approach to any situation. His clients find him perceptive and unfazed when tackling their legal issues, as he clearly explains varied options and helps his clients make practical, well-informed decisions. Born and raised in Kamloops, Sam is acutely familiar with the community and draws on this insight for his clients’ benefits. In Sam’s solicitor practice, he regularly:

  • Advises local governments regarding a broad spectrum of legal issues including: governance, bylaws, land use/development, statutory interpretation and real property matters;
  • Advises business clients regarding corporate/commercial transactions; and
  • Completes all types of real property transactions including: acquisitions, dispositions, leasing and other land title matters.

Outside of work, you will likely find Sam taking advantage of the BC Interior lifestyle with his friends and family – whether it be up in the mountains in the winter or on the lakes, trails and fields any other time of the year. You might also bump into him around town seeking out high-quality local ingredients for the creation of exceptional dining experiences.

Graham Mack*

And he’s no stranger to hard work – our firm was the first job he’s had where he didn’t need to wear steel toed boots. He approaches his legal work with the same determination. Easily putting himself in his client’s shoes, Graham relates to each individual case, and applies a keen attention to detail and old-fashioned hard work to achieve optimal results for his clients.

Practicing exclusively in realization/insolvency law and commercial finance, Graham regularly acts for major financial institutions and other lenders across all aspects of secured lending and debt collection, including foreclosures, unsecured realization, and complex commercial realization work. Graham also works with businesses on collecting accounts receivable and strata councils with the filing and enforcement of strata liens and special levies. Confident and effective in the courtroom, Graham has appeared on hundreds of court applications in the BC Supreme Court.

Outside of the office, you are guaranteed to find Graham riding the local trails on his mountain bike or out and about with his wife and puppy, Kona (and yes, she was named after the mountain bike).

Matt Livingston*

Focused and attentive, Matt helps people design long-term legal plans for their businesses and personal lives. He ensures that his clients have the entire perspective when making important decisions for themselves, their families and their businesses.

Matt practices in a wide variety of estate planning, real estate transactions and business law. After completing his articles at a boutique tax law firm, Matt draws from a comprehensive tax and legal perspective, to optimally assist his clients in starting, or growing their businesses, and planning for their futures.

Originally from Winnipeg, Matt and his wife have called Kamloops home since 2014, and are enjoying putting down roots. Away from work, Matt enjoys playing ball-hockey, golfing, skiing, hiking with his young family, and cheering on his Winnipeg Jets.

Chelsey Mack

With an exclusive focus on local government law, Chelsey advises on matters including complex bylaw disputes and enforcement issues, municipal liability and risk management, nuisance, negligence, insurance issues, bylaw drafting, and land use and development.

Bringing her keen intuition and client service to every file, Chelsey understands that local governments face complex and multi-faceted problems. With this in mind, she approaches her clients’ dilemmas by first looking at the big picture. After considering the political and policy environment, Chelsey crafts comprehensive legal solutions tailored to clients’ unique situations, recognizing that the best solutions for local governments often involve a combination of legal and non-legal strategies.

Looking for Chelsey away from the office? You will likely find her near the mountains.  Always on the move, Chelsey and her husband enjoy hiking and camping with their energetic one-year-old son and their Aussie Doodle, Kona, and winding down with a hoppy craft beer.

Josie Bennett

Though it’s 16 years with our firm, Josie has been working in the legal industry for nearly 22 years. Starting with our firm as a solicitor assistant, Josie’s experience played a significant role in developing the processes for our Business Law administration department, officially formed in 2014 and which she now co-leads. Around our office, Josie is known to be efficient, confident, and exceptional. Her quick wit and willingness to share her knowledge allows others to benefit from Josie’s expertise, while making our office a better place to be.

When she is not working, Josie is busy trying to keep up with her family, snowboarding and mountain biking.